Orthogonal Versus Zero-Forced Beamforming in Multibeam Antenna Systems: Review and Challenges for Future Wireless Networks

Orthogonality in multibeam antennas is revisited. The difference between orthogonal beamforming and zero-forced highlighted. intriguing relation orthogonality, reciprocity losses recapitulated. Different approaches on the design of networks implementation strategies are shown with various examples from antenna-research-oriented literature. use discussed communication system perspective relevant studies diverse disciplines. Some future research challenges potential benefits outlined for next generation satellite cellular applications.